Boxplots were created using Prism7 (GraphPad). The box extends between the values for the 25th and 75th percentiles of the data. The whiskers extend 1.5 times the difference between the values of the 75th and 25th percentiles of the data from the top and bottom of the box. Values lying outside the whiskers were defined as outliers, and the mean was computed excluding these outliers. The median is indicated with a black horizontal line inside the box, while the mean is indicated with a red horizontal line. Violin plots were created using the statistical software package R.
Data in all groups were tested for normality using the D’Agostino–Pearson omnibus normality test. Parametric statistics were used only if the data in all groups in the comparison were normally distributed.
The statistical significance of differences between multiple groups was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison correction for normally distributed data, and using one-way Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison correction for data with non-normal distribution. To compare baseline and post-treatment measurements at multiple time points with non-normal data, Friedman one-way repeated measures non-parametric ANOVA followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison correction was used.
Statistical comparisons between two groups were performed using Student’s t-test or paired t-test for normally distributed data, or with the Mann–Whitney test or Wilcoxon matched-pairs test for data with non-normal distribution. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analysis was performed using Prism7 (GraphPad).
We use a standardized set of significance indicators across all figures in this manuscript. For comparisons between groups: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. For matched comparisons before and after treatment: +P < 0.05, ++P < 0.01.
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